28 questions / 10 random questions
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In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for IP routing?
Answer:
IP routing belongs to the network layer; the data link layer handles same-segment delivery via MAC.
Which protocol is connectionless and skips retransmission, suiting low-latency communication?
Answer:
UDP is connectionless without retransmission, suiting low-latency uses like voice and video streaming.
For the network 192.168.10.0/24, about how many addresses are assignable to hosts?
Answer:
A /24 has 8 host bits (256 total); excluding the network and broadcast addresses leaves 254 assignable.
What is combined with an IP address to determine whether two hosts are on the same network?
Answer:
The subnet mask separates the network and host portions of an IP address to determine the network.
Where does a host first send traffic destined for another network segment?
Answer:
Traffic to another network is first forwarded to the default gateway (router).
Which method has network devices exchange route information and update routing tables automatically?
Answer:
Dynamic routing exchanges route information via routing protocols and updates paths automatically, even on failures.
Which device learns MAC addresses and forwards frames within a segment to the correct port?
Answer:
An L2 switch learns a MAC table and forwards frames only to the destination port; a hub floods all ports.
Which technology logically divides one switch into multiple separate networks?
Answer:
VLANs logically segment a switch, separating broadcast domains without changing the physical layout.
Which protocol resolves a MAC address from an IP address within the same segment?
Answer:
ARP resolves a MAC address from an IP address; DNS resolves between domain names and IP addresses.
Which system looks up the IP address for a domain name like www.example.com?
Answer:
DNS is the name-resolution system that maps domain names to and from IP addresses.
Which protocol automatically distributes IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway to clients?
Answer:
DHCP automatically distributes network settings to clients, reducing manual effort and misconfiguration.
Which technology translates private IP addresses to global ones to enable internet access?
Answer:
NAT/NAPT translates between private and global addresses; NAPT also uses ports to share one global IP.
Which port number is standard for HTTPS communication?
Answer:
HTTPS uses 443, HTTP 80, SMTP 25, and FTP control 21 as well-known ports.
Which procedure establishes a TCP connection at the start of communication?
Answer:
TCP establishes a connection with the SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK three-way handshake before exchanging data.
Which hardware-assigned identifier distinguishes devices at the data link layer?
Answer:
A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a NIC, used for frame delivery within a segment.
Which device distributes traffic across servers to balance load and improve availability and performance?
Answer:
A load balancer distributes requests across servers, avoiding overload and single points of failure.
Which technology prioritizes delay-sensitive traffic like voice and video to control quality?
Answer:
QoS assigns priorities and manages bandwidth and delay to maintain quality for important traffic.
In wireless LAN, which network identifier distinguishes access points?
Answer:
An SSID is the wireless network name used to distinguish which access point to connect to.
Which technology connects sites over the internet with encryption to form a secure path?
Answer:
A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel over the internet to securely connect sites or remote users.
Which server communicates externally on behalf of internal clients, providing access control and caching?
Answer:
A proxy server communicates externally for clients, providing access control, caching, and logging.
Which system caches content on edge servers worldwide to deliver from a location near the user?
Answer:
A CDN distributes content to edge servers and delivers it from near the user with low latency.
Which protocol does the ping command use to check network reachability?
Answer:
Ping uses ICMP echo request/reply to check reachability and round-trip time to a host.
Which protocol prevents broadcast storms from loops when switches are interconnected?
Answer:
STP logically blocks part of redundant paths to prevent loops and broadcast storms.
Which protocol is used to monitor and manage the status of network devices?
Answer:
SNMP collects and monitors device status and traffic for network management.
What is the main reason for adopting IPv6?
Answer:
IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to greatly expand address space, solving IPv4 exhaustion.
Which zone isolates public servers from the internal network to limit damage spread?
Answer:
A DMZ is a buffer zone isolating public servers from the internal network, used with firewalls to limit damage.
When evaluating speed, which metric represents the actual useful data throughput?
Answer:
Throughput is the actual useful data transferred per unit time, typically less than the theoretical bandwidth.
Which device or function controls allowing or blocking traffic at a network boundary based on rules?
Answer:
A firewall allows or blocks traffic based on rules, protecting the network boundary.